Maladaptive strategies which are generally considered to be associated with negative outcome are: avoidance, rumination and suppression (namely the suppression of the emotional display or of the emotional experience), whereas adaptive strategies are problem solving, acceptance and reappraisal. Moreover, different theoretical models have highlighted different specific strategies that are adaptive or maladaptive, and the latter has been correlated with different type of disorders. In fact, negative emotions and dysregulation of negative affect have been shown to be related to psychopathology. Over the years many authors have focused mostly on strategies used to influence and modify negative emotions. Both negative and positive emotions may be regulated. The ability to adaptively regulate emotions is crucial for healthy functioning. Several authors have tried to identify different kind of regulatory strategies that we use in daily life to modify the magnitude and/or type of emotional experience or emotion-eliciting events. The regulation of emotions may be conscious/overt or non-conscious/covert. According to Gross, the terms 'emotion regulation' and 'emotion dysregulation' refer to processes by which we change or maintain the intensity or the valence of an emotional experience in order to appropriately respond to environmental demands. This effect could have important consequences for individuals healthy functioning as insomnia may affect mental health both directly and through the mediation of the emotional dysregulation. Insomnia has also been associated with increased emotion regulation difficulties. For these reasons DSM 5 overcomes the distinction between primary and secondary insomnia identifying an "insomnia disorder" that may or may not be in comorbidity with other disorders. Insomnia is also often associated with other mental disorders and may be considered a risk factor for depression. insomnia symptoms for at least 3 times per week over a period of at least 3 months) has negative outcomes on health, and quality of life. Patients with insomnia sleep 25 min less than healthy good sleepers and chronic insomnia (i.e. These difficulties are associated with negative daytime outcomes as fatigue, depression, changes in several cognitive functions such as alertness, attention, concentration, memory and executive functions. Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by persistent difficulties in initiating, maintaining sleep or waking up too early in the morning or sleep that is chronically non-restorative or poor in quality. Insomnia, Emotion regulation, Sleep, Emotions, TreatmentĪ growing body of literature suggests that poor sleep or insomnia and emotion regulation are closely linked and there is a complex interplay between them. After reviewing the recent findings of the literature, we aim to discuss future directions for the inclusion of emotion regulation training in the treatment of insomnia disorder. However, emotion regulation skills are not included in this intervention. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) has been demonstrated to be effective in comorbid insomnia. Although these seem to interact, very few studies investigated the relationship between disturbed sleep and problems in emotion regulation. Additionally empirical evidence suggests that emotional dysregulation plays a crucial role in the onset and maintenance of psychopathological disorders. Insomnia is widely associated with medical and psychiatric conditions as well as with impaired quality of life and emotional functioning. Recent findings suggest that insomnia and emotion regulation are closely connected. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. J Sleep Disord Manag 1:001Ĭopyright: © 2015 Cerolini S. Received: August 06, 2015: Accepted: August 26, 2015: Published: August 28, 2015Ĭitation: Cerolini S, Ballesio A, Lombardo C (2015) Insomnia and Emotion Regulation: Recent Findings and Suggestions for Treatment. Silvia Cerolini, Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, E-mail: Sleep Disord Manag,
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